As has been reported, I share the view that the Nasher is an exceptional and exquisitely detailed building. It is both a one-of-a-kind work of architecture as well as a meditation on another great one, the Kimbell, with its long bays, arcuated ceiling plane, and calculated top-down lighting. It would be a gift to any city. Dallas is the fortunate recipient. I was familiar with the sculpture center and had visited it a number of times before I began designing Museum Tower. I had observed, with the Nasher’s staff, the clerestory ceiling as well as the fabric screen system below the clerestories, which, I was given to understand, could modulate or filter light. Having visited many of Renzo Piano’s other museums, I was familiar with his many methods of filtering natural light or re-reflecting it as it enters the galleries. These techniques can be seen in buildings such as the Menil Collection, the Cy Twombly Pavilion, the Beyeler Foundation, and the Art Institute in Chicago, to name only a few. In the case of the Nasher, the clerestories as designed, aimed and un-protected in the direction of a future building, had to rely on the screen system to protect it from either visibility of a nearby building or any incoming light effects.
As we began the design of Museum Tower, we asked our client for all the relevant materials which might inform or constrain our studies. This is our normal method and it is written into our contracts. We were made aware of a master plan for the Arts District done many years earlier, well before the design and construction of the Nasher, which located a tall building on our site not-to-exceed 50 stories. We saw no evidence that there were any constraints with regard to materials or reflectivity. Having worked in Texas over many years, this seemed normal to us. What also seemed normal to us was the choice in a tall residential building of high performance glass with a reflective coating. Dallas has many examples, as does every major city in America. If you have walked around Manhattan’s Ground Zero Memorial during mid-day to the south of the new Freedom Tower, you have found yourself, on a sunny day, in the reflection of this very tall building. From the published renderings, it appears that all the other towers there will also use glass with reflective coatings. Whatever its future may be, coated glass is and has been an omnipresent material on skylines worldwide. With the continuing focus on minimizing energy consumption in buildings, this material will, in my view, remain popular unless regulations are put in place to moderate it.
What has been unknown to me, because, of course, Johnson Fain came to this commission after the Nasher was designed and built, is what Ray Nasher and Renzo Piano had in mind with regard to the property of my clients. Every architect working with glass, and Piano has a prodigious legacy in this, knows that even clear vision glass carries a reflectivity of between eight and 12 percent at a minimum (the percentage of incoming light which is reflected to the exterior). Also, that reflectivity increases with the height of the sun in the sky and the greater angle of incidence of the incoming rays. With regard to reflectivity, there is no glass that does not have some degree of it. All architects working with glass know this. In fact, in a mediation between representatives of Museum Tower and the Nasher, the executive architect of the Nasher, who, prior to our involvement, had proposed his own tower with glass for our site, stated that, in addition to the coated glass at Museum Tower, which reflected into the Nasher clerestories, the clear glass guardrails at the terraces of our building were also reflecting into the Center. He was right because, again, every glass reflects light to some degree.
Now, while a redesign of the tower’s glass would not be simple and would create a range of collateral effects (these have been studied in detail), it might, in theory, be done. However, representatives of the Nasher were outspoken that their charge to Museum Tower was to “eliminate all reflection and do it all on Museum Tower.” The Nasher, they said, was not to be touched. Frankly, while I appreciated their ardent defense of a great building, it was clear to me, as it is to other architects, that if there is to be any glass in our as-of-right, code-conforming, LEED Gold tower, there will be reflectivity.
So, knowing this, what plans did Ray Nasher and Renzo Piano have for our site? The properties of glass are widely known. I have been told that Mr. Nasher asked at one point for an appraisal on the Museum Tower property. Did he intend to buy it and convert it to some other use? I have seen press reports that, at the Nasher dedication, Renzo Piano declared that our site should become a public park. Did he realize that any building to the north of the Nasher with glass in it would be in the sights of his unprotected clerestories? Well, we were not working on our project then and perhaps we will never know, but, looking back at the chronology of events, it is certain that the early design decisions at the Nasher would ultimately complicate its compatibility with any later tower with any glass.
Looking to the future, and with a sense of profound sadness for any diminution in the Nasher’s ability to function in its intended fashion, I believe that these events, plus those stemming from Las Vegas’ Vidara Hotel and London’s new “Walkie Talkie” tower, call for a broad public and technical review of the suitability of reflective coatings on glass and/or restrictions on land-use adjacencies. There is no question that this material has been a norm and its use is accelerating in the face of energy concerns. In the future, following an informed discussion, regulations and zoning ordinances may need to be put in place to attempt to get all urban stakeholders on the same side of this issue. In the meantime, the Dallas Police & Fire Pension Fund, after exhaustive technical studies, has recommended recalibrating the clerestory cells in the ceiling without touching any other elements of the Nasher’s architecture. It is my understanding that they will turn their engineering research over to the Nasher design team to vet, design, and install the recalibration, and they will pay for it. The Nasher, I understand, has declined this solution, however, the original charge to “eliminate all reflection and do it all on Museum Tower,” given what we know, seems frankly unachievable.
I remain hopeful that new participants in the process will look beyond entrenched positions and a consensual and effective solution will be agreed upon. Dallas is a beautiful city and I hope that a resolution for this difficult issue between Museum Tower and the Nasher can be found soon.
